Picasso: Challenging the Past

 

“Las Meninas” by Velázquez and Picasso

Picasso: Challenging the Past

The National Gallery’s first exhibition dedicated to Pablo Picasso reveals how the greatest artist of the 20th century pitted himself against the great European painting tradition

25 February – 7 June 2009

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“Disciples be damned… It’s only the masters that matter. Those who create…” (Pablo Picasso)

Seizing on the signature themes, techniques and artistic concerns of painters such as Velázquez, Rembrandt and Cézanne, Picasso transformed the art of the past into ‘something else entirely’, creating audacious paintings of his own. Sometimes his ‘quotations’ from the past were direct, at other times more allusive and, occasionally, full of parody and irreverence.

‘Picasso: Challenging the Past’ features over 60 of the artist’s seminal works and focuses on the enduring themes of European art history and his own career, with sections on the self portrait, characters and types, the nude, still life, models and muses and the artist’s later ‘Variations’. Every major period of Picasso’s oeuvre is represented with loans from among the leading public and private collections of Europe and North America.

Picasso’s complex self portraits attest to his deep fascination with a genre tackled by many of the artists he admired most. In ‘Self Portrait with a Wig’, 1897 (Museu Picasso, Barcelona), the sixteen-year-old depicts himself as an 18th-century gentleman, manipulating his appearance, challenging the Old Masters but also paying tribute to Goya and Rembrandt. Later in life, ‘The Artist in front of his Canvas’, 1938 (Musée National Picasso, Paris) shows the fifty-seven-year-old as the embodiment of the modern master, with palette and brushes in hand.

The artist’s close examination of portraits and genre paintings inspired a startling community of traditional male characters and ‘types’ in his work. In his ‘Portrait of Jaime Sabartés’, 1939 (Museu Picasso, Barcelona) Picasso recasts his long-serving secretary, who had followed him from Barcelona, in the guise of a Spanish nobleman of the 16th century. In sharp contrast, the icon-like ‘Child with a Dove’, 1901 (on loan to the National Gallery from a private collection), harks back to traditional images of the Christ child, but in style it echoes Gauguin and Van Gogh.

An extraordinary painter of women, Picasso continually celebrated female beauty through the representation of the nude. The artist adapted the conventions of this well established genre to his own vocabulary and successive styles. Like Ingres, Picasso looked back to the purity and monumentality of the antique, but exaggerated and transformed it, as seen in his masterly ‘Large Bather’ of 1921 (Musée de l’Orangerie, Paris).

His late bold reclining nudes, such as ‘Nu couché’, 1969 (private collection) radically challenged a tradition which is strongly represented in the National Gallery by masterpieces such as Velázquez’s ‘The Rokeby Venus’, 1647–51.

Meanwhile, the monumental ‘Women at their Toilette’, 1956 (Musée National Picasso, Paris) attests to the remarkable influence of Degas’s bathers, such as the National Gallery’s ‘Combing the Hair’ of 1896.

A section on the artist’s arresting still lifes, including ‘Skull with Jug’, 1953 (Nahmad Collection, Switzerland), reveals a highly informed dialogue with artists like Chardin, Goya and Delacroix, as well as more contemporary figures, notably Van Gogh, Gauguin and Cézanne. In the cubist ‘Still Life with Glass and Lemon’, 1910 (Cincinnati Art Museum), Picasso fragments form into a riot of intersecting planes, without ever losing sight of the tradition of still-life painting from which it is drawn.

The final room of the exhibition shows the climax of Picasso’s increasing obsession with art history. Late in life, he conceived a series of bold ‘Variations’ after masterpieces of the 17th and 19th centuries. The young artist first saw Velázquez’s ‘Las Meninas’ when he was fourteen. Over 75 years later, he completed a series of deeply personal interpretations of the same painting – three of which are to be displayed in London – including ‘The Infanta Margarita’, 1957 (Museu Picasso, Barcelona). Picasso’s most powerful tribute to Velázquez’s genius, ‘Las Meninas’ (after Velázquez), 1957 (Museu Picasso, Barcelona) depicts the 17th-century Spanish artist towering over an astonishingly complex scene, with the authority of the ultimate master.

A group of four ‘Variations’ after Manet’s ‘Le Déjeuner sur l’Herbe’, painted between 1960 and 1961 (Musée National Picasso, Paris) provides another highlight of the exhibition. Now admired as a masterpiece, Manet’s original canvas outraged the 19th-century establishment. In transforming the painting for the modern age, Picasso shatters conventions once more.

The exhibition makes subtle reference back and forth between the works of Picasso and the National Gallery’s own incomparable collection of Old Master paintings, which is on display in the main rooms of the Gallery upstairs. Visitors to the exhibition will be invited to re examine the National Gallery’s collection, as it were, through the eyes of Picasso.