VINCENT VAN GOGH: “Starry night”, 1889 - oil on canvas, 73,7 - 92,1 cm. - New York, Museum of Modern Art (MOMA)

One of van Gogh's most brilliant and famous works, commonly associate to his increasing madness, and that actually is the result of the artist's interest for the astronomical investigations. In fact, in the painting we can observe real and fantastic elements. On the one hand, a study made by the Griffith Park Observatory demonstrated that van Gogh represented the Moon, Venus, and several stars in the exact position in which they were placed that cleared night. On the other hand, the showy spiral that occupies great part of the work is a clearly fantastic element, which can be seen as an artist's interpretation of the invisible astronomical phenomena that take place in the firmament, which were discovered in the 19 th century.

Kodera (1990) notes that the contrast between the church's tower and the spectacular effects of the firmament can be interpreted as a critic towards the religious institution, which looks ridiculous when compared with the nature. More evident it is the contrast between this tower and the enormous cypress, which for van Gogh was a symbol of death.